Cherokee Simple Verbs

The "A" class verb 'to be afraid of, to fear'.

Root verb -hsga-

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Present Tense

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ᏥᏍᎦᎢᎭ - tsi-ɂsga-iha - I am afraid (of)

ᎯᏍᎦᎢᎭ - hi-hsga-iha - You are afraid (of)

ᎠᏍᎦᎢᎭ - ga-hsga-iha - He/She/It is afraid (of)

ᎢᏂᏍᎦᎢᎭ - i:ni:-hsga-iha - You and I are afraid (of)

ᎣᏍᏗᏍᎦᎢᎭ - ohsdi:-hsga-iha- - He/She and I are

ᏍᏗᏍᎦᎢᎭ - sdi:-hsga-iha - You two are

ᎢᏗᏍᎦᎢᎭ - i:di:-hsga-iha - We (including you) are

ᎣᏥᏍᎦᎢᎭ - o:tsi:-hsga-iha - We (not including you) are

ᎢᏥᏍᎦᎢᎭ - i:tsi:-hsga-iha - You all are

ᎠᏂᏍᎦᎢᎭ - ani:-hsga-iha - They are

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Habitual Present

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ᏥᏍᎦᎢᎰᎢ - tsi-ɂsga-ɂihoɂi - I fear

ᎯᏍᎦᎢᎰᎢ - hi-hsga-ɂihoɂi - You fear

ᎠᏍᎦᎢᎰᎢ - a-hsgạ-ɂịho³ɂi - He/She/It fears

ᎢᏂᏍᎦᎢᎰᎢ - i:ni:-hsga-ɂihoɂi - You and I fear

ᎣᏍᏗᏍᎦᎢᎰᎢ - ohsdi:-hsga-ɂihoɂi - He/She and I fear

ᏍᏗᏍᎦᎢᎰᎢ - sdi:-hsga-ɂihoɂi - You two fear

ᎢᏗᏍᎦᎢᎰᎢ - i:di:-hsga-ɂihoɂi - We (including you) fear

ᎣᏥᏍᎦᎢᎰᎢ - o:tsi:-hsga-ɂihoɂi - We (not including you) fear

ᎢᏥᏍᎦᎢᎰᎢ - i:tsi:-hsga-ɂihoɂi - You all fear

ᎠᏂᏍᎦᎢᎰᎢ - ani:-hsga-ɂihoɂi - They fear

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Remote Past

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*Note: Requires Set B Pronouns*

ᎠᎩᏍᎦᎸᎢ - aki-hsga-lvɂi - I was afraid

ᏣᏍᎦᎸᎢ - tsa- - You were afraid

ᎤᏍᎦᎸᎢ - u:¹-hsga³-lv²³ɂi - He/She/It was afraid

ᎩᏂᏍᎦᎸᎢ - gini:-hsga-lvɂi - You and I were afraid

ᎣᎩᏂᏍᎦᎸᎢ - o:gini:-hsga-lvɂi - He/She and I were afraid

ᏍᏗᏍᎦᎸᎢ - sdi:- sga-lvɂi - You two were afraid

ᎢᎩᏍᎦᎸᎢ - i:gi:-hsga-lvɂi - We (including you) were afraid

ᎣᎩᏍᎦᎸᎢ - o:gi:-hsga-lvɂi - We (not including you) were afraid

ᎢᏥᏍᎦᎸᎢ - i:tsi:-hsga-lvɂi - You all were afraid

ᎤᏂᏍᎦᎸᎢ - u:ni:-hsga-lvɂi - They were afraid

Note: This verb with the causative non-final suffix [-dan-] changes the meaning from "he was afraid of X" to "X scared, frighted him" (i.e., "it caused him/her to be afraid")

Ex. ᏙᏳᏃ ᎠᎦᏗ ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᎴᎢ. - Doyuhno agdi usgsdaneleɂi - It really frightened him a lot.

      ᏐᏉ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᎳ ᏫᎬᏩᏲᎴᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎪᎳᏅ ᎠᏰᎵᏍᎩ.
      One man was really frightened and shot the Raven Mocker head man.

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Imperative/Immediate

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ᎯᏍᎦᏍ - hị²-hsga²³-ya - You! Be afraid, Fear it!

ᏍᏗᏍᎦᏍ - sdi:-hsga-ya - You two - be afraid

ᎢᏥᏍᎦᏍ - i:tsi:-hsga-ya - You all be afraid

ᎢᏗᏍᎦᏍ - i:di:-hsga-ya - Let's (including you) be afraid

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Infinitive

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*Note: Requires Set B Pronouns*

ᎠᎩᏍᎦᏍᏗ - aki-sga-sdi - for me to be afraid

ᏣᏍᎦᏍᏗ - tsa-hsga-sdi - for you to be afraid

ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏗ - u:²-hsga¹-sdi - for him/her/it to be afraid

ᎩᏂᏍᎦᏍᏗ - gini:-hsga-sdi - for you and me to be afraid

ᎣᎩᏂᏍᎦᏍᏗ - o:gini:-hsga-sdi - for him/her and me to be afraid

ᏍᏗᏍᎦᏍᏗ - sdi:-hsga-sdi - for the two of you to be afraid

ᎢᎩᏍᎦᏍᏗ - i:gi:-hsga-sdi - for us (including you) to be afraid

ᎣᎩᏍᎦᏍᏗ - o:gi:-hsga-sdi - for us (not including you) to be afraid

ᎢᏥᏍᎦᏍᏗ - i:tsi:-hsga-sdi - for you all to be afraid

ᎤᏂᏍᎦᏍᏗ - u:ni:-hsga-sdi - for them to be afraid